Martin Luther 1483-1546
®
Catholic monk
until 40
®
Terrified by the
omnipotence of God
®
Man justified by
Faith Alone, not by works, Romans I:17
®
Reacted to John
Tetzel 1517
Tetzel selling Indulgences
Johann Tetzel
®
Sold indulgences
for the Archbishop of Mainz and Pope Leo X
®
Funds used to
repay Fuggers loan and for the building of St. Peters
®
“When a coin in
the coffer rings a soul from Purgatory springs”
®
Indulgences,
commissioned by the Pope were said to be able to spring soul from purgatory
®
Luther thought
the people were being deluded
Definition: Indulgence
®
Indulgence:
®
God is merciful,
but is just
®
Christ and the
church established a “treasury of merits”
®
That “treasury of
merits could be drawn upon by the Church”
®
Originally
applied to temporal sin, but Tetzel claimed the indulgence secured total
remission of sins on earth and in Purgatory
®
Men and women
could buy indulgences for themselves as well as for others
®
Enraged Luther
who felt the people were being deluded.
Definition:Purgatory
® Purgatory
(Lat., "purgare", to make clean, to purify) in accordance with
Catholic teaching is a place or condition of temporal punishment for those who,
departing this life in God's grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults,
or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions.
Luthers Response:95 theses
®
Luther posted the
Theses on indulgences on the Church Door at Wittenburg
®
Luther sought
Theological discussion, got Protestant reformation
®
Luther rejected
the notion that salvation could be achieved
by good works, such as indulgences.
®
In the theses
Luther reviewed the Catholic sacrament of penance
®
Some Theses
challenged the Popes power to grant indulgences and others criticized Papal
wealth.
Where is the authority of the Church, according to Luther.
®
Luther in effect
questioned the authority of the Pope to issue Indulgences
®
Luther also
stated that Church council’s were not incapable of error: John Huss burned at
the stake, Council of Constance 1415.
®
According to
Luther it is up to each individual Christian to interpret the Bible according
to his own Conscience
Pope Leo X
Leo X’s response and Luthers
®
Leo X ordered
Luther to recant (take back) his ideas
®
Luther publicly
burned the Bull (letter) from the Pope
®
Luther was then
excommunicated
®
Charles V was now
to arrest and try the heretic Luther
®
Luther was
summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms 1521
®
Luther was placed
under the ban of the empire-the elector of Saxony took Luther under his
protection.
Luthers Response, cont.
® In
order to drive home these reforms, Luther called upon the Princes of the Holy
roman Empire
Peasant response
® Luther:”a
Christian man is the most free Lord” On Christian Liberty 1520
® Luther:
Lords “flay and rob their subjects…until they can bear it no longer.”
® 1525
the Peasants revolt, seeking political and economic justice shouting slogans
from Luther
Luther’s response to Peasants
® “against
the Murderous, thieving hordes of the peasants”
® Luther
referred to the peasants as filthy swine and urged the German Princes to
suppress them by the sword
® Lutheranism
took on a character of submissiveness to the state.
Martin Luther vs. Charles V
®
Charles V was
bound to uphold Catholicism because only in a Catholic world did the HRE make
sense.
®
The States of the
Empire saw in Charles efforts to repress Luther a threat to their own freedom.
®
States wanted
“ius reformandi” the right to choose their own religion for their region.
®
They became
Lutheran locally, introducing Lutheran doctrines.
Secularization of Church property
® Where
a state turned Lutheran it usually confiscated the Church properties within its
borders.
® Enriched
some of the Lutheran Princes and gave them a strong material interest in the
success of the Lutheran movement.
League of Schmalkald
® Group
of Princes and free cities formed against the HRE
® French
King Francis I allied with the Protestant Princes against the Catholic HRE
® France’s
main foreign policy was to keep the HRE weak
No help for Charles
®
Charles V begged
the Pope to call a council together
®
King of France
schemed so the Pope would not call such a council
®
To the Papacy
nothing was more upsetting than calling a Europe wide council.
®
The Popes
procrastinated in calling such a council
WAR
® The
Schmalkaldic league had actually gone to war with the HRE CV (1546)
® Germany
fell into an anarchy of civil struggle between Catholic and Protestant states.
® It
was a war that mixed religious fervor with political issues
Peace of Augsburg 1555
® Ended
the Schmalkaldic wars
® Cuius
regio eius religio (Whose the region, his the religion)
® Terms
at Augsburg signified a complete victory for the cause of Lutheranism and
states rights
®
Great victory for Protestantism, began
dismantling of HRE
Lutheran Doctrine
®
No Special office
for the Priest
®
Denounced
reliance upon fasts, pilgrimages, saints and masses
®
Rejected the
belief in Purgatory
®
Reduced the
catholic 7 sacraments to 2
®
Rejected
transubstantiation for consubstantiation
®
Clergy should
marry
®
Monasticism
should be eliminated
John Calvin 1509-1564
®
Had a humanists
knowledge of Latin and Greek as well as Hebrew
®
1536 wrote Institutes
of the Christian Religion
®
Where Luther had
aimed his writing at the rulers of Germany-Calvin addressed the institutes to
the world. He wrote it in Latin
Luther and Calvin similarities
® Justification
by faith not works
® Both
rejected transubstantiation
Unique Calvin doctrine
®
Predestination-God
being almighty, knew and willed in advance the way in which each human life
would be lived out.
®
The elect or the Chosen
®
A person could
feel that he was one of the elect if he persisted in a saintly life
®
Protestant work
ethic
®
Rejected the
position of Bishop and the Church hierarchical bureaucracy
Geneva-Protestant Rome
®
Calvin’s model
Christian community
®
A body of
ministers ruled the Church; a consistory of ministers and elders ruled the town
®
Law was strict-
all loose living was suppressed. Disaffected were driven into exile
®
Removed religious
images from Churches
®
Candles and
incense gone, no music, no chanting, etc.
®
Michael
Servetus-burned at stake
Spread of Calvinism
® French
Huguenots
® Netherlands
® John
Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland
Calvin and the State
® Calvinist
refused to recognize the subordination of Church to state
® Insisted
that true Christians should “Christianize” the State.
Reformation of England
®
England was
peculiar because it broke with the Roman church before adopting any Protestant
principles.
®
Henry VIII had
been a good Catholic
®
Defense of the
Seven Sacraments
®
Defender of the
Faith
®
But… Henry had no
male heir
®
Remember chaos of
wars of the Roses
Wife #1 Catherine of Aragon
®
Catherine of
Aragon
®
Daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella
®
Aunt of HRE
Charles V
®
Mother of Mary
Tudor (bloody)
®
Could not produce
male heir for Henry VIII
®
Henry VIII
Requested that Pope annul his marriage to Catherine
®
Pope refused-the
Pope was in no position to offend Charles V
Wife #2 Anne Boleyn
®
When the Pope
refused to grant the annulment Henry broke the Roman connection and married the
youthful Anne Boleyn
®
Anne was the
mother of Elizabeth I
Creation of the English church
®
Henry VIII worked
with Parliament to break from the Church
®
Act of Supremacy-
declared English King to be head of the Church of England
®
Oath of
supremacy-Thomas More
®
Henry closed the
monasteries in England and gave the land to the nobility
®
The new landed
gentry remained firm supporters of the House of Tudor and the English National
Church
Church Structure
® Henry
did not intend to change any church doctrines at all.
® He
simply wished to be the supreme head of an English Catholic Church
® Six
Articles of faith
® Required
belief in transubstantiation, celibacy of the clergy, need for confession
Henry died in 1547
®
Succeeded by his
son Edward VI
®
Son of Henry and
Jane Seymour (3rd wife)
®
10 years old-
reigned from 1547-1553
®
Greatly
influenced by Protestant doctrine
Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)
®
Daughter of Henry
and Catherine of Aragon
®
Tried to
re-Catholicize England
®
Burned 300
Protestants at the stake
®
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
®
Daughter of Henry
and Anne Boleyn
®
Successfully
concealed personal religious views
®
Under QEI England
became Protestant gradually and in their own way
Elizabeth I (cont.)
®
Organizationally
the English Church (Anglican) resembled the Lutheran Church
®
It was a state
Church, existence and doctrines determined by the gov’t
®
In religious
practice the church was definitely Protestant
®
39 articles of
faith-broad, vague definition of the creed of the Anglican Church
Catholic Reformation and Counter Crusade
®
Amongst the
Church it was concluded that the need of reform was so urgent that all dangers
of a council must be risked.
®
Council of Trent
1545-1563
®
Counter Crusade
®
Ignatius Loyola
®
Jesuits
®
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
® Preserved
the Papacy as the center of unity of the Catholic Church
® Helped
prevent the dissolution into State Churches
® The
Council made NO concessions to Protestant doctrine
® Clarified
correct Catholic Doctrine
Doctrine from Trent:
®
Justification by
works and faith combined
®
Reaffirmed 7
sacraments
®
Priesthood is
special order separate from laity
®
Transubstantiation
was reaffirmed
®
Scripture and
tradition were put on equal footing
®
Latin was the
official language of services
®
The Vulgate was
declared the official Bible
®
Celibacy for the
Clergy was maintained
®
The theory and
practice of indulgences were restated
The Counter Crusade
®
Goal was to stop
the spread of Protestantism and win back Protestants to Roman Catholicism
®
Pope Paul III
1534-1549 the first of the reforming Popes to replace the Renaissance Popes
Ignatius Loyola
®
The Society of
Jesus-Jesuits
®
Authorized by
Pope Paul III in 1540
®
Soldiers of
Christ
®
Loyal to the Pope
®
Spiritual
Exercises
®
Papal index of
forbidden books